A Comprehensive Study of Degradation Characteristics and Mechanisms of Commercial Li(NiMnCo)O2 EV Batteries under Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G) Services

Lithium-ion batteries on electric vehicles have been increasingly deployed for the enhancement of grid reliability and integration renewable energy, while users are concerned about extra battery degradation caused by vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations. This paper details a multi-year cycling study commercial 24 Ah pouch with Li(NiMnCo)O2 (NCM) cathode, varying average state charge (SOC), depth discharge (DOD), charging rate 33 groups experiment matrix. Based reduced freedom voltage parameter reconstruction (RF-VPR), more efficient non-intrusive diagnosis is combined incremental capacity (IC) analysis to evaluate aging mechanisms including loss lithium-ion inventory active material cathode anode. By analyzing evolution indicator parameters cumulative function (CDF) capacity, non-linear model calendar cyclic established cost under different unmanaged (V0G) V2G scenarios. The result shows that, although energy throughput would cause degradation, discharging from SOC 90 65% will surprisingly alleviate decaying 0.95% compared EV charged within 90–100% SOC, due improvement life. optimal strategies, connection smart can potentially extend life beyond scenarios without V2G.